![]() The Nazis, including many collaborators, rounded up and killed almost all of the country's Jewish population. ![]() The Netherlands was neutral during the First World War, but during the Second World War, it was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany. Since 1890, it is ruled by another branch of the same dynasty. Modern-day Luxembourg became officially independent of the Netherlands in 1839, but a personal union remained until 1890. After an initially conservative period, following the introduction of the 1848 constitution, the country became a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch. ![]() After the King imposed unpopular Protestant reforms on Belgium, it left the kingdom in 1830 and new borders were agreed in 1839. Napoleon made it a satellite state, the Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810), and later simply a French imperial province.Īfter the defeat of Napoleon in 1813–1815, an expanded " United Kingdom of the Netherlands" was created with the House of Orange as monarchs, also ruling Belgium and Luxembourg. The French Revolution spilled over after 1789, and a pro-French Batavian Republic was established in 1795–1806. There was growing unrest and conflict between the Orangists and the Patriots. The English seized the North American colony of New Amsterdam, and renamed it "New York". A series of wars with the more powerful British and French neighbours weakened it. During the eighteenth century, the power, wealth and influence of the Netherlands declined. A rich worldwide Dutch empire developed and the Dutch East India Company became one of the earliest and most important of national mercantile companies of the time, based on invasion, colonialism and extraction of outside resources. In the Dutch Golden Age, which had its zenith around 1667, there was a flowering of trade, industry, and the sciences. The southern " Spanish Netherlands" corresponds approximately to modern Belgium and Luxembourg, and the northern "United Provinces" (or "Dutch Republic)", which spoke Dutch and was predominantly Protestant, was the predecessor of the modern Netherlands. When their heirs the Catholic kings of Spain took strong measures against Protestantism, the subsequent Dutch revolt led to the splitting in 1581 of the Netherlands into southern and northern parts. This included what is now the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and a part of France. For several centuries, medieval lordships such as Brabant, Holland, Zeeland, Friesland, Guelders and others held a changing patchwork of territories.īy 1433, the Duke of Burgundy had assumed control over most of Lower Lotharingia, creating the Burgundian Netherlands. ![]() The region was part of the duchy of Lower Lotharingia within the Holy Roman Empire, but neither the empire nor the duchy were governed in a centralized manner. By 800, the Frankish Carolingian dynasty had once again integrated the area into an empire covering a large part of Western Europe. As the Western Roman Empire collapsed and the Middle Ages began, three dominant Germanic peoples coalesced in the area – Frisians in the north and coastal areas, Low Saxons in the northeast, in addition to the Franks in the south. Records begin with the four centuries during which the region formed a militarized border zone of the Roman Empire. For thousands of years, people have been living together around the river deltas of this section of the North Sea coast. The history of the Netherlands extends back long before the founding of the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon. ![]()
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